Lenders cancelled loans if ships sank {bottomry}|.
In Hadrian's time, less formal proceedings {causa cognitio} {cognitio} replaced standard forms of presenting cases to trial judges. Praetors investigated cases and stated relief granted by law. Parties submitted written pleadings to judges. Judges ruled. System allowed appeals.
Separate official courts {cognitio extraordinaria} formed. Officials, not private judges as before, gave judgments. Judgments were for specific performance, not just damages. Emperor controlled courts.
Rome had artisan guilds {collegia}.
Romans took some German tribes {foederati}, such as Goths in north Balkans, into service.
Farther regions {province}| became more important in Roman Empire. More people, mostly honorably discharged army veterans, became citizens.
Emperor's court took written requests for decisions from lower officials and private persons and returned written answers {rescript}. Rescripts received the force of law under Hadrian.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225